OOS-Deviation assignment detecting the presence of diethylene glycol Essay

OOS-Deviation task recognizing the nearness of diethylene glycol in toothpaste by slender layer chromotography - Essay Example Furthermore, for identification purposes, you will require 6.7 mg/mL of building up the dissolvable of Potassium Permanganate Staining Solution. Axis container of 50mL polypropylene to test a planning of toothpaste with a load of around 1.0g. To scatter the toothpaste, include 5mL of water and vortex for around 1 moment. Next is the expansion of 5mL of acetonitrile to the blend followed by vortex around 1 moment. Preceding gathering around 1mL of the supernatant, rotator the blend until you get a completely clear arrangement. Utilize the 1.5mL small scale test tubes by moving 500L of the supernatant to it at that point include 1.0mL of methanol. Weaken 0.2mL of DEG to 0.5mL utilizing methanol so as to accomplish the standard reference readiness (Ahuja and Scypinski, 2011). Spread the 5L weakened test arrangement and the reference standard arrangement on a sheet and leave it to dry. To get estimable outcomes, utilize chromatographic technique spot. The subsequent stage is to placed the sheet in a creating tank that has been set up by adjusting 100mL of building up a dissolvable for about 30minutes. Expel the dissolvable and grant it to dry noticeable all around quickly the creating arrangement arrives at the halting line. At the point when you lower the dried sheet in potassium permanganate arrangement and afterward expel the sheet after around 5 seconds, yellows spots will begin to show up on the foundation as the sheet dries. The last spot to show up is DEG. The perusing of DEG shifts from 0.40%, 0.41% and 0.44% for OOS results and somewhere in the range of 0.005% and 0.015% for OOS deviation. Concurring Ahuja and Scypinski (2011), after the assessment of the OOS results, the techniques on the disclosure and events of the OOS are

A soldiers Tale Essay Example For Students

A warriors Tale Essay You are on a little vessel, squeezed with scruffy men furnished in full battle gear. Apprehensive and thoughtful they move about, while you stand and marvel, What the hellfire will transpire? Out of nowhere, a more seasoned man hollers, Get prepared! Were going in! The vessel eases back down, and a ringing chime goes off. The front incline gradually opens forwardand then poop hits the fan. A hail of slugs tears and roars, destroying your friends into bits of fragile living creature and organs, heaving forward the fluid of life. However you endure, jumping into the chilly, dinky waters underneath. The slugs are not content with the outside, and jump beneath, pursuing you like a canine to new meat. You see other men, wearing a similar battle weariness that you do. You battle to bring your head over the water. Thunder and lightning split the air, striking down your companions, while inauspicious men, cold as ice, work on their 150mm weapons. It is a torrent on your faculties, the smell of ozone, the snap of gunfire, seeing passing, the flavor of salt water, and the frigidity of the ocean. You battle out of the water and hide behind an animal of steel, a gadget to square tanks, in all likelihood. You hole up behind there, while you hear men kick the bucket, their shouts consuming into your brain. You see men battle, some kick the bucket, some live, yet you despite everything covered up. Evening time comes, and with it, quietness. You conclude at that point, to leave your spread, and adventure out, into the executing fields. It is calm, and you see other men with rifles in their grasp, congregating together. You go along with them, and devise an arrangement to wreck the dreary men. You and other men take dark containers of death, Bengolers, and supplement them into the unpleasant territory. They detonate with a blaze and blast, and you accuse of the men, prepared to assault. This may seem like a film about World War II, perhaps Saving Private Ryan. In any case, this is no film. This is reality. That was the tale of my granduncle, Bill Zimmerman. He was a corporal, pioneer of his detachment, in the general infantry. He was just 19 years old. He endure D-Day, and proceeded to take on the Conflict of the Bulge, and he made due there as well. This is the account of the day known as D-Day, the day the tides changed for the Allies. Twenty years after the finish of the First World War a man named Adolph Hitler of Germany started a Second World War. On September 1, 1939 Germany attacked Poland, which had an arrangement with France and England to ensure them. The English, French and Polish were all ill-equipped to battle, and subsequently were beaten frightfully. By the following spring France had been completely taken by the Germans. While Germany and their partners, Italy, controlled the entirety of the western piece of Europe, England, France and now America needed to calculate an approach to assume the responsibility for Europe once more. Their choice was to attempt to storm a sea shore in Normandy, France. It would be one of the bloodiest war fights in U.S. History. In 1942 General Eisenhower, Supreme Allied Commander, had cautioned Germany to, Beware the fierceness of a stimulated majority rules system. On D-Day, June 6, 1944, the Allies mounted the biggest land and/or water capable attack in history and made genuine Eisenhowers cautioning. The intrusion power comprised of in excess of 5,000 boats, 1,200 warships and 13,000 planes. Approximately 90,000 U.S., British, Canadian, and free French soldiers arrived on the sea shores of Normandy while around 20,000 more stopped by parachute or lightweight flyer. The Invasion had been in anticipation of a year. More than 55,000 bold American officers raged the sea shores of Normandy, a horrifying 2,700 Americans had made their last strides of life safeguarding their nation, their reality, and all that they represented.

A Brief History of Point-Shaving in College Basketball

A Brief History of Point-Shaving in College Basketball A Brief History of Point-Shaving in College Basketball A Brief History of Point-Shaving in College BasketballThere are good ways to make an extra buck and there are not-so-good ways and theres point-shaving, which is a really bad way.With March Madness just around the corner, NCAA men’s basketball is about to be the most popular sport in the country. But with greater attention comes greater scrutiny, and it’s hard to ignore the fact that college basketball is undergoing its fair share of scandals.Many of those recent scandals revolve around payments made to players. Oftentimes the payments are funneled to them from representatives of major shoe companies in the hopes that the  player will play for an affiliated college program.Trying to earn a little cash on the side is nothing newâ€"and oftentimes its commendable! (What role the NCAA’s amateurism standards plays in all this is something we’ll leave for another day.) But one common thread among these scandals is that they all involve programs and affiliated companies trying to l ure the best players they can.Not all college basketball scandals work this way. And one type of scandal, point-shaving, involves the exact opposite: Players getting bribed to make their teams play worse, not better. Here’s a brief history of some of those scandals throughout NCAA history, when players in need of some extra cash ended up finding it in exactly the wrong place. What is point-shaving?In order to understand point-shaving, you first need to understand point spreads.When sportsbooks open up betting on a game, their odds favor one team winning over the other. But they don’t just say “Team X will win over Team Y”; they also set a point spread, which determines how many points the winning team will win by. The more a team is favored over another team, the higher the point spread, and vice versa.When a person places a bet on a team, what they’re really placing a bet on is that team beating the point spread. If you bet on the winning team and they win don’t beat th e spread, you still lose. If you bet the losing team and they lose but they do beat the spread, you win.Point spreads are why point-shaving exists. Oftentimes, conspirators bribe players to “shave points,” so their team, while still winning the game, doesn’t beat the spread. That way, the gamblers can bet on the losing team and win the betâ€"all without having to convince the players to actually lose the game.Now that we’ve got that out of the way, let’s dive in.1950-51: City College of New York (CCNY)During the 1949-1950 NCAA season, the City College of New York (CCNY) men’s basketball team was crowned champions of both the NCAA tournament and the NIT tournamentâ€"something that had never done before. It also led to a rule change, which is why its never happened since, either.Unfortunately, it came out the following season out that several of the players on CCNY that season had been taking payments from local gamblers and mafia members in order to shave points. They had also done so during the 1948-40 season.And they weren’t the only ones. Students from six other schools were implicated in the scheme as well. Three of the other schools were also in New Yorkâ€"they were Long Island University, Manhattan College, and New York University (NYU)â€"but the scheme also wrapped up players from the University of Toledo, the University of Kentucky, and Bradley University in Peoria.It all began after Junius Kellogg, a player at Manhattan college reported being offered a bribe, and police set up a sting operation to catch these gamblers in the act. And they did. Five men, two ex-CCNY stars and three bookmakers, were arrested on charges of bribery and conspiracy.New York District Attorney Frank Hogan took over from there, launching a widespread investigation into the point-shaving scheme, which eventually resulted in the arrests of seven players, including three stars from the current CCNY team. When all was said and done, 32 players would admit to taking br ibes.The consequences were far-reaching. Out of the seven programs, only the University of Kentucky recovered, even after NCAA banned them from the entire 1952-53 season. CCNY, for instance, is now a Division III team. Several players involved were also banned from ever playing in the NBA, sending their promising careers up in smoke.1961: Jack Molinas and Connie Hawkins.In 1954, Fort Wayne Pistons player Jack Molinas was suspended by the NBA. The reason? He had been caught betting on games in which his team played. Years later, Molinas, who had ties to the 1951 scandal, would be arrested as one of the central figures in a new and  even bigger point-shaving scheme.Molinas’ partner in the scheme was bookmaker Joe Hacken. Their connection went back to Molinas’ days playing for Columbia University, and both men had mafia ties. Hacken had escaped conviction in 1951 scandal, but his stepbrother, Cornelius Kelleher, had been one of the first five men arrested for trying to bribe Junius Kellogg.Molinas and Hacken’s point-shaving operation led to the arrests of 37 players across 22 programs, including players from Columbia University, University of Connecticut, St. Johns University, NYU, and North Carolina State.Basketball star Connie Hawkins, then a freshman at Iowa, got caught up in the scandal, and his career suffered greatly from his association with Molinas. Hawkins and fellow prep star Roger Brown (who played college ball at Dayton), both knew Molinas back home in New York City and had, indeed, excepted favors from himâ€"including cash.However, neither player was ever accused of participating in the point-shaving scheme. But their merely being associated with Molinas was enough to end their college careers and get them banned from playing in the NBA.Both men instead played in the fledgling American Basketball Association (ABA) and Hawkins eventually got his NBA ban overturned, after which he played for the Los Angeles Lakers and the Atlanta Hawks, making fo ur NBA All-Star games. Still, his career was never quite what it should have been, all because of a point-shaving scheme he wasn’t even involved in!The case against Molinas and Hacken’s scheme was brought by New York District Attorney, Frank Hogan, the same man who prosecuted the 1951 case.1978-79: Boston College and Henry HillThanks to the film Goodfellas, which is based on his memoir, Henry Hill is one of the most famous mobsters in American history. And in the late 70s, Hill conspired with four other menâ€"brothers Rocco and Tony Perla, Paul Mazzei, and James Burkeâ€"to fix Boston College basketball games.Rocco Perla conceived of the scheme, which was based on his high school friendship with BC player Rick Kuhn. Kuhn agreed to participate and recruited his teammate Jim Sweeney to join him. BC’s leading scorer, Rich Cobb was also implicated in the scheme, but his involvement was never proven.Over that season, the four mobsters attempted to fix nine different BC games during the 1978-79 season, always with the team winning by less than the stated point spreadâ€"instead of just losing the game outright.Hill was arrested in 1980 on drug trafficking and other charges and turned state’s witness. Even though he was being questioned on matters entirely unrelated to college-point shaving, his involvement in the scheme came to light.The Perlas, Mazzei, Burke, and Kuhn were all charged, tried, and convicted of racketeering. James Sweeney was not charged and provided witness testimony for the prosecution. Hill also testified and was never charged.1985: Tulane University and John “Hot Rod” WilliamsOn June 18th, 1985, former Tulane University center John “Hot Rod” Williams was drafted by the Cleveland Cavaliers with the third-to-last pick in the NBA draft. He would go on to play for the Cavaliers for nine years and play 13 years in the league overall, setting a Cavs record for blocked shots in the process.However, Williams did not actually play for Clevel and during the 1985-86 season. Instead, he played for the Rhode Island Gulls of the upstart United States Basketball League (USBL) before joining the Cavs for the 1986-87 season.Why was that? Well, on March 27th, 1985, Williams was arrested for allegedly taking part in a point-shaving scheme at Tulane. He was one of three players, and eight individuals total, who were arrested in connection with the plot. Williams was later acquitted on all counts, which paved the way for him to play in the NBA.However, that point-shaving scandal was only the beginning of Tulane basketball’s woes. The investigation also revealed rampant drug use within the program and cash payments from coach Ned Fowler to the players, in violation of NCAA recruiting rules. Once these findings were announced, Fowler quickly resigned.The overarching scandal was so bad that Tulane president Eamon Kelly terminated the universitys basketball program entirelyâ€"although the program was later reinstated for the 1990-91 season.There’s an old saying that “it’s not the crime, it’s the cover-up.” In this case, it wasn’t so much the crime as it was all the other crimes (and NCAA violations) that were happening in the immediate vicinity.1993-94: Arizona State and Northwestern.We promised a “brief” history of NCAA point-shaving scandals, which means that we need to start hurrying up. However, two scandals from the 1990s stand out.During the 1993-94 college basketball season, star Arizona State University guard Stevin Smith, who had accrued over $10,00 in gambling debts to fellow student Benny Silman, helped shave points and fix four ASU home games.Other people got involved, including fellow player Isaac Burton, Jr., and the bets they placed started getting bigger and biggerâ€"so big, in fact, that sportsbooks and other bettors took notice. Silman was eventually sentenced to 48 months in prison, while Silman, Burton, and three others received shorter sentences.During the 1994-95 season, tw o players on the Northwestern Wildcatsâ€"Kenneth Dion Lee and Dewey Williamsâ€"shaved points from three of the team’s games. When the scheme was uncovered a few years later, two other men were also charged in connection with the scandal. All four of the men served short stints in prison.With legalized sports gambling now on the table, the odds of a future point-shaving scandal are on the rise. And while we’re all for people running a profitable side hustle, breaking the law is not the way to do it!If you enjoyed this article, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:From Rags to Riches: A Financial History of the NFL10 Money Lessons From the Worst Contracts in NBA HistoryHow Student-Athlete Insurance Protects Financial FuturesThe 12 Worst Financial Scandals In HistoryDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |Instagram

Meeting Of The Estates General - 1006 Words

Meeting of the Estates General I was at the Palace of Versailles located in France for a meeting. I am a 30 year old housewife in the 3rd estate. There are three classes; the Kings and Queens (1stestate), Noblemen (2nd estate), and the poor class (3rd estate). France is in a financial crisis mainly due to the King and Queen wanting to be richer. The meeting was held because we were going to find out which of the estates was going to get an increase in tax. The King decided that the 3rd estate was going to have the increase in taxes. We are the poorest. How will we ever pay the tax? I want a democracy so we can have a say on what’s going to affect our lives. Tennis Court Oath I was done with our King. He did not care about†¦show more content†¦I ran out of the house and went to the Bastille. When I got there people were surrounding the prison demanding gunpowder. The people wanted gunpowder to protect themselves from the Royal troops. No one wanted a government run by the Royal Troops. It would be worse than the Monarchy. All the guards refused to give us gunpowder. I knew this was the beginning of a democracy because people were starting to fight for what they believed in. The March on Versailles I finally had enough money to buy a loaf of bread. My family was never able to afford food so we were always hungry. We begged for food but no one else had money or food. Bread is usually 50 cents a loaf. Today the price was five dollars a loaf. The King and Queen raised prices to get more money. I could not afford this. That day hundreds of women and I marched 13 miles in pouring rain to the palace yelling â€Å"Bread.† We demanded that the price of bread go down. The group of women promised to stay at the palace all night until they saw the Queen. Finally we were able to break into the palace. We searched every room for the Queen. Then she came out of her room listening to our complaints and stories. Finally she told her husband to lower the price of bread for the people. This was a step towards democracy because the people were heard and the King and Queen reacted. Reign of Terror I stood there watching people

Familial Support For Children During The Stressful Period...

Familial support for children. In many cases, parents or other family members are not able to be as supportive to their children during the stressful period surrounding divorce. One study by Amato (1993) noted that divorce is one of the life’s most stressful occurrences, and adults experience significant difficulty in their life adjustment after the divorce, which may impact their interactions with their children. Parents are less emotionally available during this time (Riggio Valenzuela, 2011), and the help and support from family members that are also experiencing distress from these life-changing events are less likely to occur (Kitson et al., 1982). Also, parents’ stress surrounding the divorce is known to impair the quality of their childrearing skills during this time (Amato, 1993). While those surrounding the children are coping with the new life changing events themselves, the children may be left to learn how to handle the divorce with limited support from parents, extended family, and frie nds. The impact on children. Divorce affects many members of the family including children. Statistics show that annually more than one million children will go through the process of divorce within their family per year (Bing, Nelson Wesolowski, 2009). Another study reported that 40% of all children will experience parental divorce during their lifetimes (Arkes, 2013). A significant amount of research has focused on the impact of divorce on children. This study illustratesShow MoreRelatedA Sense Of Autonomy And Self Control Essay1569 Words   |  7 PagesFamilial relationships play a vital role in the lives of individuals. Humans form and foster relationships early on in development. 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Computer Shop Network Free Essays

Problems why propose such project. ? Some of the gamers are noisy. ? Most of the computer are encountering lag within their units. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Shop Network or any similar topic only for you Order Now ? Unorganized setting of a computer, by witch gamers, chatting, and surfing to the net is in one room. III. Objective in proposing the project. To give privacy to the client, and give convenience to every person who will use internet, and other office application. ? To prevent lag within the units, to have a convenient transactions because there will be a separate server and admin within the establishment. ? To have an organized environment within the computer shop, having the separate computer for gaming and surfing to net. IV. Methodology in creating a project. V. Hardware requirements. VI. [pic] VII. Visit Store VIII. Acs48 Cyclades 48 Port Console Server IX. Acs48 Cyclades 48 Port Console ServerX. $399. 99 XI. + $10. 11 shipping XII. eBay [pic]Logitech Squeezebox Boom All-in-One Network Music Player / Wi-Fi Internet Radio (930000054) Top of Form [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] Bottom of Form Top of Form [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] Bottom of Form See Details Lava Computer Ether-Serial (ESL4-232-DB9).. . Lava Computer Ether-Serial (ESL4-232-DB9) (ES4-232DB9) Serial Device Server from $188. 57 12 stores [pic] See Details Silex Technology SX-2000WG (SX-2000WG+) USB†¦ Silex Technology SX-2000WG (SX-2000WG+) USB Device Server from $115. 67 7 stores (1)Save to list [pic] See Details Avocent (AMIQDM-PS2) Monitor / Keyboard / Mouse. .. Avocent (AMIQDM-PS2) Monitor / Keyboard / Mouse Extender from $180. 99 6 stores |[pic] |[pic] | |KVM Cable 3 in 1 |USB Computer Cables | |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |USB to Internal Cable |USB A to B Cable |A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, string of metal. Wires are used to bear mechanical loads and to carry electricity and telecommunications signals. Wire is commonly formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw plate. Standard sizes are determined by various wire gauges. The term wire is also used more loosely to refer to a bundle of such strands, as in ‘multistranded wire’, which is more correctly termed a wire rope in mechanics, or a cable in electricity.This information serves as guidelines in analyzing and formulating idea to construct a system that will meet the requirement for the user to be satisfied. Designing/ analyzing System designs help in specifying hardware and system requirements that can easily defined by making an overall system architecture that serves as and input. The system will be design to fit the ability of the user; a simple with interactive buttons that will suitably fit the needs of the user. Implementation and Unit Testing In making a design and document we should divide this as modules or unit to proceed in actual setting.Each unit will be develop and test for its functionality Integration and System testing Units are integrate into a complete system during integration phase and will be test to check if all modules or units coordinate between each other and the settings as a whole behaves as per the specification. Operation and Maintenance This phase is vertically never ending phase, this development will come up after its practical used will start, problem may occur, issues related on the system may solve after the deployment of the system. Hub Hub For gaming For internet Tile Floor Internet[pic] Internet[pic] Routers Entrance Printers Computers This include to those person who will have a future computer shop setting. Those person that may engage to the computer industry. We’d like to implement this project to those who will be engaging to the computer business industry. Having the new setting of the computer shop, this will help to the people to be more organize. How to cite Computer Shop Network, Papers

Puberty in Alice and Wonderland free essay sample

One of the most prominent themes in children’s literature is maturation and grasping with adulthood. In keeping with this tradition, Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland presents a girl who transforms immensely from the bored little girl who can’t imagine reading a book without pictures to the mature adult described at the end of the novel. Throughout much of the novel, the reader witnesses Alice struggling with frequent, rapid changes in her body. While the repeated size changes in the book serve to illustrate the difficulties of children in grasping the changes of puberty, the changes in Alice’s personality and state of mind that come with each fluctuation in size hint at the greater rewards of knowledge and certainty that accompany Alice’s maturation. Alice’s first adventure in Wonderland presents the emotional frustration that comes with being so uncertain about one’s identity. After noticing a fifteen-inch door and the flourishing garden that lays behind it, Alice expresses a desire to shrink in order to fit through it, a wish that is then fulfilled by her consumption of a drink laying on a nearby table (Carroll 22-3). From the onset of her time in Wonderland, Alice is concerned by her inability to fit in with her physical surrounding. We see this in her initial reaction to shrinking; she’s immediately elated expressing her pleasure at being â€Å"now the right size† (24). Yet this joy quickly dissolves into apprehension.. Alice’s sudden diminution is accompanied by a strikingly different perspective of her surroundings that creates a more hostile environment. Small and out of place, Alice’s persistent effort to climb up the slippery legs of the glass table brings her to tears. This sudden inability to conquer her surroundings startles Alice and concerns the narrator, who begins to repeat variations on the phrase â€Å"poor Alice† (24), causing readers to identify her shrunken state with frustration and dejection. Essentially, Alice’s response to being small in a large world seems to mirror the frustration of those who desire to grow up. Alice’s confusion merely continues after eating the cake she finds under the table (25). From the beginning, she is unsure in which way her body will respond: will she grow larger or smaller? Alice even delays to see how her body will respond to this relatively ordinary event, placing her hand on her head and awaiting the results â€Å"anxiously† (25). The resultant size change further alarms Alice as she explores her body after growing. With her increase in stature (26), Alice is so disconcerted on how far emoved her head is from her feet that she meditates rather nonsensically on the idea in an effort to grasp the new perspective she has developed. Now too small for surroundings that were formerly too small for her (and even before that, just the right height), â€Å"[p]oor Alice† (27) is still in no position to achieve entering the garden. Remarkably, her initial reaction is quite similar: she begins crying hopelessly—but she quickly admonishes herself, claiming that â€Å"a great girl like [her]† (the word â€Å"great† here referring to her new size) has no business crying like the small child that appeared merely two pages before. Despite her remarkable change in size, then, Alice’s personality and views remain unaffected, a fact that leaves her even more frustrated as she continues crying. In other words, Alice knows she is acting inappropriately for her new size, but she still remains unable to seize control of her increasingly volatile emotions. Similar to biological hormone surges, Alice’s rapid changes in growth are accompanied by fierce emotions and mood swings that she is unable to control. Alice’s meditation upon the recent events also provides great insight into how changes in size have affected her mentally. On page 28, the girl confusedly discusses the identity crisis that has befallen her, identifying the puzzling question that these changes have led her to: â€Å"Who in the world am I? † As she begins to meditate on whether she may have been changed for another child, we see the depth to which she has been affected. So flustered by these constant changes, Alice’s memory and knowledge have suffered, as she is unable to recall basic facts. This, accompanied by the realization that her voice has become hoarse and strange, once again moves â€Å"poor Alice† to tears. Finding both her body and mind to be completely altered, Alice hints towards not liking who she has become, resolving to stay in Wonderland and only come out if she is somebody else. Just as soon as this stream of thoughts leaves her, though, Alice realizes that she has shrunk once again, and rather than being comforted, Alice is â€Å"frightened at the sudden change† (29), saying that she is now â€Å"worse than ever† and that she â€Å"never was so small as this before. † She finds herself confronted by a pool of tears that had once seemed so inconsequential, frustrated once again by her uncontrollable emotions: â€Å"I wish I hadn’t cried so much! (30). Once again, she realizes somewhat bitterly that â€Å"everything is queer to-day. † Alice’s size continues to come into play through her interactions with the mouse. Not used to seeing things from small eyes, Alice’s etiquette is brought into question as she offends the mouse with h er talk of cats (31). Despite being the same size as the normally-small animals she now interacts with, Alice is viewed as foolish for not utilizing the same logic as her counterparts. In essence, while she is physically small, her mind has not adapted to this new size and she does not fit in among small creatures. The animals’ simplicity seems incredibly childlike throughout the third chapter, particularly with the childlike arguments and faux pretentiousness that many of the creatures utilize (34). The Caucus-race seems to resemble childlike games that make little sense to observers, and Alice notes this absurdity (36), again showing her inability to fit in with this other world. As her travels continue, however, Alice begins to come to terms with the frequent size changes and shows increased logic in dealing with the unpleasant situations. Upon her foray into the White Rabbit’s house, Alice expresses both a desire to grow and frustration with being â€Å"a tiny little thing† (41). While Alice realizes that she will grow upon drinking the bottle, she still does not recognize that her inability to control her growth. She is surprised by the rapidity of the action, and despite her explicit wishes, she continues growing until she is too large for her physical surroundings, her body extending outside of the house. Alice has not yet learned that her changes in size will cause her discomfort and unhappiness, and once again she finds herself hopeless (42). Commenting on her physical size, Alice notes that she is â€Å"grown up now† and pleased that there’s no room to â€Å"grow up any more†. However a sentence later, she contradicts this thought, worrying that she will â€Å"never get any older,† yet comforted by never having to be â€Å"an old woman† (42). This contradiction shows the confusion with which Alice views herself: she is not a childnor does she desire to be one—and yet she does not entirely see herself as a woman. In other words, Alice is stuck between stages of her life: while her size suggests maturation, she does not identify herself as a mature adult. This is further evidenced by Alice’s subsequent fear of the White Rabbit (43). Still in the mind-frame of a child, she trembles, neglecting to come to terms with being â€Å"about a thousand times as large as the Rabbit. † Yet with her increased size, Alice has become more assertive and more prepared to handle her situation. Wielding her sudden growth as a weapon rather than seeing it as a ulnerability, she scares the Rabbit with her motions in order to fend him off and kicks Bill the lizard as he goes to retrieve her (44). Contrary to her interaction with the mouse, Alice is now adequately prepared to handle smaller creatures: she displays an increased knowledge and a stronger capacity for coping with her situation. More aggressive now, she embraces the physical change, resorting to vocal threats that are backed by the differen ces in size between her and the creatures. Even more remarkable, Alice becomes aware that she can use these size changes to her advantage, responding to the violent attacks of the creatures by shrinking in size (45). Still, after the ordeal, Alice is desperate to reach â€Å"the right size†, wanting to â€Å"grow up again† (47). Alice’s lack of identity is further underlined in her conversation with the Caterpillar. From the outset of their interaction, Alice explains her identity crisis, explicitly stating, â€Å"I can’t understand it myself†¦and being so many different sizes in a day is very confusing. (49) She is remarkably unable to answer the simple question of identity, telling the caterpillar that while she is fully aware who she was when her adventures began, she has changed several times since then. Alice states that her problem is not with the size that she is (an odd contradiction to her previously-stated desire to return to the right size), realizing that she simply doesn’t like changing so often. The Caterpillar responds in scorn, insinuating that Alice is being ridiculous with his standoffish remarks. He appears to be rather knowledgeable throughout their whole conversation, speaking authoritatively on not only her size changes, but her recitation of ‘You are old, Father William’. After their conversation, Alice launches into a similar identity crisis: eating the mushroom causes her body to undergo strange changes where some parts change and others do not (54-55), but after much experimenting, she eventually manages to return to her â€Å"usual height. † (56) Alice sums up her recent events by stating that the fundamental problem with her physical changes is that she never knows what she’ll be â€Å"from one minute to another. The vast knowledge of the caterpillar provides an odd conundrum when compared with the Mouse from chapter III, whose small size seemed to be associated with the childlike state of mind that he possessed. However the size contrast of Alice and the Caterpillar provides a reasonable explanation: he is larger than her (48: â€Å"a la rge blue caterpillar†), and thus more knowledgeable just as Alice was able to outsmart the Rabbit when she was previously a thousand times its size. This lays the foundations for the idea that relative size appears to indicate knowledge and power in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, an idea that is further affirmed by Alice’s final size change in the book and will signal Alice’s passing through puberty. During the trial, Alice’s growth accompanies the point at which her logic finally begins to triumph over the nonsense that dominates Wonderland. Alice begins growing rather helplessly during the trial, but her physical change is now accompanied with a more bold and assertive personality (106). As she moves to take the stand, Alice suddenly realizes just how large she has grown, but for the first time in the novel, she doesn’t seem concerned or disconcerted by her new stature. Alice is marked by her critical attitude towards the trial, assertively answering the King’s questions and countering the King’s attempted attacks on her with her own logic (112). Alice is also marked by her aggressive attitude towards the Queen; instead of attempting to please her, Alice now cuts her off and demands attention and order rather than nonsense and whim (113, 115). Alice’s greatest realization occurs as she grows to full size and declares that those who formerly inspired fear are only a pack of cards (116). This is the final change of the novel, and its effects are best summarized by Alice’s sister at the end of the novel. As she dreams of Alice’s adventures, she remarks on Alice’s initial status as â€Å"little Alice† with the â€Å"tiny hands† and â€Å"eager eyes† (117). However after her adventures (in the â€Å"after-time†), she views Alice as a knowledgeable and loving â€Å"grown woman† who would reflect fondly on â€Å"her own child-life† (118). She creates a contrast, identifying Alice apart from the â€Å"simple and loving heart† of her childhood. Thus, with her growth in size, Alice has received a wealth of knowledge and finally achieved maturity. On the surface, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland regards Alice’s physical changes with hostility and apprehension. However upon further examining the mental and emotional changes that accompany them, it becomes clear that the physical changes produce the eventual reward of self-awareness and knowledge that allow Alice to finally triumph over her threatening environment.

Lean Burn Engine Technology

Introduction With the rising desire to attain more miles per gallon of fuel, car manufacturers are now focusing their attention on lean burn engine technologies. On its part, the American government demonstrated its support for lean burn engine technology when it ratified the Energy Policy Act of 2005.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Lean Burn Engine Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In essence, this act qualified cars, trucks, and sports utility vehicles that had engines using the lean burn technology for tax rebates amounting to as much as $2000 under the stipulation of that act. This research paper will examine the technology behind lean burn engines, its impact on the environment and its future prospects (Tobias, et al. 2006). The first lean burn technology for automobile engines was introduced in the market nearly four decades ago by Chrysler. The technology comprised of a set of sensors a nd electronics that would generally regulate the movement of the spark plug under a range of driving circumstances. This technology was meant to increase the performance of the engine and utilize the fuel used per mile. Initially, the automotive challenge that the inventors of lean burn technology wanted to overcome was the throttling losses. Naturally, an automobiles car must have enough space to provide the required power for acceleration but still be able to operate below its possible output when driving at high speed and this was hard to achieve using the lean burn technology (Tobias, et al. 2006). At the present, a large percentage of cars utilize a form of technology commonly known as the four-stroke combustion cycle to convert fuel into motion. This kind of technology is also referred to as the Otto cycle, in respect of Nikolaus Otto, who discovered it in 1867. The main problem of this kind of engine technology is that it consumes much fuel and environmentalists consider it h armful to the ozone layer. On its part, the lean burn engine technology utilizes refined ignition systems along with advanced emission technologies. This combination allows cars using this technology to attain excellent mileage performance and causes minimal threat to the environment (Tobias, et al. 2006). Lean Burn Engine Technology Currently, internal combustion engines that use natural gas are commanding more attention as interest grows in manufacturing automobile engines that are both efficient and environmentally friendly. In response to this interest, automobile manufacturers have introduced natural gas automobile engine sets that feature â€Å"lean-burn† technology.Advertising Looking for research paper on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The technology is referred to as lean because unlike the convectional engine technology it uses excess air along with the fuel. The use of this kind of technology ha s brought about two positive effects. First, the excess air used in lean burn technology reduces the temperature of the combustion process and this lowers the amount of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) produced by nearly half, compared to a conventional gasoline engine. Second, since there is also excess oxygen available, the combustion process is more efficient and more power is produced from the same amount of fuel (Tobias, et al. 2006). The Combustion Process Any air/fuel reaction requires an energy source to initiate combustion. In the conventional petroleum engines, the combustion process is initiated by the spark plug. In lean-burn gas engines, the combustion process is initiated by pre-mixing the air and fuel upstream of the turbocharger before being introduced into the cylinder. This creates a more homogenous mixture in the combustion chamber and reduces the occurrence of â€Å"knocking† or detonation. To prevent either knocking or misfiring, the combustion process must be co ntrolled within a narrow operating window. In lean burn engine technology, the charge air temperatures together with air to fuel ratio are closely monitored. This is done by the microprocessor- based engine controller, which regulates the fuel flow and air/gas mixture and ignition timing (Cutter Information Corp., 1992). Unlike the conventional petroleum engine, the design of the lean-burn engine incorporates a simple open combustion chamber housed in the piston crown. The shape of the piston crown introduces turbulence in the incoming air/fuel mixture that promotes complete combustion by thoroughly exposing it to the advancing flame front. The flame plate of the cylinder head is regular (flat) and the spark plug is centrally located. The air and gas fuel are correctly mixed under the control of the engine management system (Cutter Information Corp., 1992).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Lean Burn Engine Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Improving efficiency of the System Although lean burn engines that use natural gas have been in existence for some time now, there is room for improvement in terms of energy efficiency and emissions reduction. In fact, enhancing the efficiency of lean burn gas engines remains one of the most likely and cost-effective approaches to enhancing vehicle fuel economy over the next three decades. According to automobile experts, the United States has the potential of reducing its transportation fuel usage by as much as 40% through the production of engines that use the lean burn gas technology (Automotive News, 1992). If this is achieved, it will definitely lead to better economic, environmental, and energy security. By using lean burn engine technology in hybrid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, it is possible to attain even greater fuel saving benefits (EIA, 2008). Ideally, one way of increasing the efficiency of the lean burn engine tec hnology is by focusing on complementary technology pathways involving shared partnerships with vehicle and engine manufacturers, suppliers, national laboratories, and learning institutions. Another strategy that can increase the efficiency of automobile engines using the lean burn technology is by inventing new combustion energy than the currently available natural gas usage. However, this should have minimal emissions in order to enable the engines to meet the required emission regulations without having to use the complex and costly equipment that is currently required. The invention of a cheap technology would definitely ensure that more people buy vehicles fitted with lean burn engines since the current costs have been a hindrance to many people (EIA, 2008). Ideally, one way of achieving all these strategies is by having well balanced research and development efforts ranging from basic research to prototype demonstration. This should be informed at every stage by industry collab orators whose role is to help in identifying the critical barriers to the commercialization of this technology.Advertising Looking for research paper on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The existing public laboratories and universities should also increase their efforts in understanding how the combustion process can be enhanced to maximize its performance and keep emissions at minimal (Pollack, 1992). Environmental Impact of Lean Burn Engine Technology Motor vehicles continue to be the dominant source of air pollution despite tremendous advances in engine technology and pollution control. In industrialized countries, even as cleaner vehicles are replacing older ones, and as transportation emissions are beginning to decline, vehicles are still the major source of air pollution. Meanwhile, in the developing world, vehicle numbers are growing exponentially and without strict control standards in place, emissions from transportation sources are becoming an increasingly urgent concern (Tobias, et al. 2006). There have been repeated calls for gasoline vehicles to raise fuel economy, and thus decrease CO2 emissions. Lean-burn engine designs that use natural gas reduce fu el consumption by 15–20%. In order not to trade off higher fuel efficiency for increased pollutant emissions, lean-burn engine designs will require new aftertreatment technology for control of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions. NOx storage traps, the most efficient existing NOx control technology for lean-burn engines, are much more dramatically impacted by fuel sulfur than other form of engine technologies. Because higher sulfur levels reduce the effectiveness of the traps and necessitate increased fuel consumption, ultralow sulfur fuel is the key enabler for increasing the efficiency of vehicles using the lean burn engine technology (Tobias, et al. 2006). The lean-burn engine increases the ratio of air to fuel, thus reducing fuel use. Lean-burn engines provide an automatic benefit for CO and HC control, which are formed in smaller amounts and can be more easily oxidized in the oxygen-rich exhaust. The challenge comes with control of NOx in an oxygen-abundant environment. NOx storage traps face fewer technical challenges in natural gas engines than in diesel engines because combustion temperatures are easier to control. NOx storage traps demonstrate over 90% efficiency in storage and conversion of NOx to N2, but require virtually sulfur-free fuels for efficient use and this has not yet been achieved (Tobias, et al. 2006). Storage traps operate by incorporating basic oxides into the catalyst, which in turn reacts with the oxidized NO2 in the presence of excess O2 to form fairly stable nitrates. NOx can be stored in this way during lean combustion (excess oxygen) conditions. As the storage medium approaches saturation, or whenever acceleration occurs, the engine will burn fuel-rich, generating CO and HC gases. This triggers the release of NO2, which reacts, as in a three way canisters to oxidize CO and HC to CO2 and H2O while simultaneously being reduced to N2 (Tobias, et al. 2006). One of the results of this technology is significantly reduced emissions i n the exhaust. Most of the new lean-burn automobile engines have NOx emissions as low as.85 grams/BHP-hr, and produce low amounts of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM). This allows the engine sets to meet the most stringent air quality regulations without after-treatment devices in the exhaust stream. For even lower emissions, lean-burn automobile engine sets are frequently coupled with integrated after-treatment options such as Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and Oxidation Catalysts, resulting in NOx levels at or below 0.15 grams/BHP-hr. With these after-treatment options, the lean gas automobile engines have been shown to meet the most stringent prime power emissions regulations anywhere in the world (Tobias, et al. 2006). As it has already been noted, the lean burn engine technology will enable huge leaps in fuel efficiency, translating directly into reductions in CO2 emissions in automobiles. If properly utilized, this technology could dramat ically reduce both greenhouse gas and conventional pollutant emissions. Additionally, research continues on how to make zero-emission transportation technologies, such as the hydrogen fuel cell economically viable. Sulfur is a major obstacle for technologies to both reduce and eliminate greenhouse gas emissions. The reduced fuel use in lean burn engine technology means that low sulfur is generated and this is definitely a good thing for the environment (Johnson, 1992). Sulfur levels in fuel have a range of direct and indirect impacts on greenhouse gas emissions. Sulfur prevents the efficient functioning of certain types of catalysts, which in turn translates into higher methane emissions from oxidation catalysts and higher CO2 emissions from more advanced technologies. Sulfur also impedes the viability of emissions control technologies in several arenas. In addition, fuel cells—the most promising long-term solution for eliminating greenhouse gas emissions—will require sulfur-free fuels in order to function. This goal is attainable if the use of lean burn engine technology in automobiles is fully adopted (Johnson, 1992). Fuel flexibility Another advantage of the lean-burn engine technology with full-authority electronic engine controls is the ability to operate on gas with a wide range of quality. A measurement called the Methane Number (MN) is used to determine gas suitability as an engine fuel. Most natural gas has an MN from 70 to 97, and pipeline quality gas typically has an MN of about 75. Resource recovery gas from landfills or sewage treatment facilities is typically of lower quality, but is often suitable for use in lean-burn engines. Most of the lean-burn automobile engines operate on gas with an MN of 50 or greater, providing excellent fuel flexibility. However, gas with a MN below 70 may require the engines output to be derated. Lean-burn gas engine sets are setting a new standard for fuel efficiency, high power output for their size, a nd for low emissions. In regions with supplies of natural gas, these engine sets are providing highly reliable electric power for utility peaking, distributed generation, prime power and for combined heat and power systems (MacKenzie, Roger, Donald, 1992). The Future Prospects of Lean Burn Technology Currently, there is an increased interest in lean-burn engine technologies, i.e. lean-burn natural gas engines, mainly due to their higher fuel efficiency compared to conventional petroleum engines (Greene, 2005). These engines work under excess oxygen and consequently produce oxygen-rich exhaust. However, effectively reducing NOx in oxygen-rich exhaust is a challenging endeavor because the conventional three-way catalyst technology is not able to reduce NOx efficiently under any circumstances. Therefore, new catalytic systems have to be developed. Several approaches have been suggested and among the most promising is the so-called NOx storage reduction (NSR) concept. Because of the th ree-way catalyst, the emission of NOx by natural gas engines has decreased significantly. However, this gain is counteracted by the continuing rise in vehicle numbers and distances traveled, particularly by the increase in the number of diesel engines that do not use the lean burn engine technology. The latest quarterly pricing survey by PricewaterhouseCoopers (Greene, 2005) shows that cars using the lean burn engine technology accounted for 49% of the total European car market at the end of 2005. It is expected that the number of cars using the lean burn engine technology will continue to grow, potentially achieving 55-60% of the total market. There are several reasons for the increased interest in lean burn engines that use natural gas. The lean-burn combustion of natural gas engines results in higher fuel efficiency compared to conventional petroleum engines and consequently significantly lower amounts of the greenhouse gas CO2. In addition, natural gas has enhanced performance r egarding CO and HC. Most governments in Westerns countries have been encouraging the use of lean burn engine technology. Tax regimes make natural gas cheaper than petroleum in order encourage the sales of lean burn technology engines (MacKenzie, Roger, Donald, 1992). The increased interest in lean-burn engine technology has prompted research on the development of a new catalyst that is capable of reducing NOx in excess O2 to meet future legislation. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx using ammonia (NH3) or urea (CO (NH2)2) is a well-known process in industry as well as in stationary lean burn engine applications. In the presence of O2, NH3 tends to react with NOx to form N2. Urea, which is safer in use than NH3, can be used as NH3 source and urea-based systems are already applied for heavy-duty trucks (Sanger, 2001). Higher fuel efficiency and reduced emissions of the greenhouse gas CO2 make lean-burn engines attractive compared to conventional petroleum engines. However, c ontrolling the exhaust NOx emission has been recognized as one of the most challenging aspects for lean-burn engine technology as the conventional three-way catalyst is not effective in reducing NOx in a lean exhaust due to the high oxygen level (Sanger, 2001). A NOx storage/reduction (NSR) catalyst is among the most promising solutions to control NOx in lean exhaust. The NSR catalyst contains a storage component in order to store NOx under lean conditions. Catalyst regeneration is necessary as the storage capacity of the absorbing component gets saturated (Brunekreef, et al, 2010). Regeneration takes place by the introduction of a short period of rich driving, as injections of extra fuel cause decomposition of stored NOx and subsequent reduction into N2. A critical aspect of the NSR technology is the catalyst deactivation by sulfur. A detailed understanding about the NOx storage and reduction mechanism is important for improving catalyst regeneration times and preventing catalyst d eactivation. There has also been increased funding on research to ensure that commercialization of lean burn engine technology will not produce unintended human health effects. The already conducted research on this field has revealed that lean burn engines using low sulfur (less than 15-ppm sulfur) fuel and equipped with catalyzed particulate matters does not cause lung inflammation or pose other health hazards. This shows that the future prospects of lean burn engine technology is indeed bright just by looking at its environmental and financial factors and the increased funding from governments that want to develop an environmentally friendly ecosystem (Brunekreef, et al, 2010). Conclusion With the increased desire to gain more miles per gallon of fuel, car manufacturers are turning their attention to lean burn engine technologies. Over the last few years, the number of vehicles using engines made from lean burn technology has been on the rise. This has been enhanced by the effort s of various governments, which have been offering tax cuts to those purchasing cars fitted with this kind of engine technology. Although there are numerous challenges that have prevented this technology from being fully adopted, current trends in the automobile industry show that these challenges can be overcome in the course of time. With most governments and organizations keen on preserving the environment, there is no doubt that the use of lean burn engine technology will gain more popularity in the coming years. References Automotive News. (1992). Cleaner Civic OK in California. Automotive News 19 (2), 8. Brunekreef, B., et al. (2010). Air Pollution from Truck Traffic and Lung Function in Children Living Near Motorways. Epidemiology 8 (1), 298–303. Cutter Information Corp. (1992). Lean Burn Takes a Step Forward. Global Environmental Change Report, 7, (1), 7. EIA. (2008). The Transition to Ultralow-Sulfur Diesel Fuel: Effects on Prices and Supply. Washington: Energy Infor mation Administration. Greene, D. (2005). A Note on Implicit Consumer Discounting of Automobile Fuel Economy: Reviewing the Available Evidence. Transportation Research 17 (6), 491-500. Johnson, R. (1992). Next Accord May Offer New Engine. Automotive News, 17 (1), 231-240. MacKenzie, J., Roger, D. and Donald, C. (1992). The Going Rate: What it Really Costs to Drive. Washington: World Resources Institute. Pollack, A. (1992). Running Half-Engine to Save Fuel. NY Times, 18 November, p. 16. Sanger, D. (2001). Fuel Efficiency: New Japan Coup? New York Times, July 31, p. C1. Tobias, H., et al. (2006). Chemical Analysis of Diesel Engine Nanoparticles Using a Nano-DMA/Thermal Desorption Particle Beam Mass Spectrometer. Environmental Science Technology 35 (2), 2233–2243. This research paper on Lean Burn Engine Technology was written and submitted by user Arya D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Free Essays on Hate Crimes

The worlds’ biggest enemy today is the word â€Å"hate† and the people who use the term. When speaking of the harsh word, â€Å"hate†, one speaks of how we hate different things others do such as what religion one practices, what race another is, the sexual preferences another likes, if one is disabled in any way, or just the way another looks. These things are why the world has very little peace with in it. These things are why the United States’ crime rate is so high. Hate causes people to do dumb and violent things. Crime in any way, shape, or form is violence to the point that people get hurt physically and/or mentally. Violence like this only causes others to retaliate and the next thing one knows it is an all out war. Hate crimes are a big problem in the world, but in the United States, it is to my opinion to be the worst. How bad is hate crime in America? Well, the answer stands in the FBI reports and other agencies across the country. In the United States alone, in 1994 there were 5,853 hate crimes that were documented (www.fbi.gov/ucr/hatecm.html). Just in Texas in the year of 1995, there were over 300 hate crimes that were reported to different agencies (www.adl.org/presrele/hatecr_51/2604_51.html). The total for the United States at the same time in 1995 was 7,947, up by 2,095 from a whole year ago (www.fbi.gov/ucr/hatecrm.html). That alone is not good. Think about it, up by over 2,000 more crimes within a year. If we broke it down into some categories like by race, then the anti - white incidents are at 6,706 total; in religion, anti - Jewish is at 1,500: and in the sexual orientation, anti - male homosexuality is at 1,256 in the year of 1996 (www.civilrights.org/lcef/hcpc/stats/table4a.html). Peace will probably not even exists anymore. The strong country we are today will soon turn into the we akest country ever. What types of hate crimes are begin committed in the world today? All types of crime like crimes against pe... Free Essays on Hate Crimes Free Essays on Hate Crimes Crime is bad, plain and simple. White on white, black on black, white on black, other on other, it is all illegal. Crime is crime, a murder is a murder no matter how you slice it. â€Å"Hate† is a popular term used these days to enhance certain crimes, action, or speech. Hate is a feeling or thought you have toward something or someone, similar to any other emotion, but it is the only emotion used to label crimes. Hate crime labeling is in essence thought control performed by the United States Government. It is wrong and should stop immediately. Who is to say one cannot think or feel a certain way about anything. Hate ,in this case the motive, is the reason why a person commits a crime. The motive is rarely even used when punishing a criminal, only the act itself is looked at. â€Å"Even if it is possible to determine the mind set in which a crime is committed, is it appropriate in a free society for the government to punish people for their inner motivations, [or] feelings?† (Barbara Dority). When a court decides to label a crime with â€Å"hate† they are really persecuting against the criminal’s personal identity. The courts, in all reality, are not supposed to do this according to precidents set in our governments history. The First Amendment clearly states freedom of speech. With speech must also come thought. The only one who can say why a person did an action is the person himself. In context, crime is a gross violation of the law and hate is hostile feelings towards someone or something. Together, hate crime, is any of various crimes (as assault or defacement of property) when motivated my hostility to the victim as a member of a group (Marriam-Webster). The emotion of hate is no different than any other emotion such as greed, lust, or jealousy. For instance, a white male member of the Ku Klux Klan shoots and kills a black man and his wife. Also a white man finds his wife in bed with another man and shoots a... Free Essays on Hate Crimes The worlds’ biggest enemy today is the word â€Å"hate† and the people who use the term. When speaking of the harsh word, â€Å"hate†, one speaks of how we hate different things others do such as what religion one practices, what race another is, the sexual preferences another likes, if one is disabled in any way, or just the way another looks. These things are why the world has very little peace with in it. These things are why the United States’ crime rate is so high. Hate causes people to do dumb and violent things. Crime in any way, shape, or form is violence to the point that people get hurt physically and/or mentally. Violence like this only causes others to retaliate and the next thing one knows it is an all out war. Hate crimes are a big problem in the world, but in the United States, it is to my opinion to be the worst. How bad is hate crime in America? Well, the answer stands in the FBI reports and other agencies across the country. In the United States alone, in 1994 there were 5,853 hate crimes that were documented (www.fbi.gov/ucr/hatecm.html). Just in Texas in the year of 1995, there were over 300 hate crimes that were reported to different agencies (www.adl.org/presrele/hatecr_51/2604_51.html). The total for the United States at the same time in 1995 was 7,947, up by 2,095 from a whole year ago (www.fbi.gov/ucr/hatecrm.html). That alone is not good. Think about it, up by over 2,000 more crimes within a year. If we broke it down into some categories like by race, then the anti - white incidents are at 6,706 total; in religion, anti - Jewish is at 1,500: and in the sexual orientation, anti - male homosexuality is at 1,256 in the year of 1996 (www.civilrights.org/lcef/hcpc/stats/table4a.html). Peace will probably not even exists anymore. The strong country we are today will soon turn into the we akest country ever. What types of hate crimes are begin committed in the world today? All types of crime like crimes against pe...

Division of Labour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Division of Labour - Essay Example This paper highlights that people usually focus on the interests of others in pursuit of their own interest and not out of humanity. Never do we refer to our personal needs, but the interest of others. The size of the production unit is one factor that determines the division of labour. The bigger the production unit, the higher is the propensity to divide work into smaller units to increase productivity. Smaller industries do not need as much division of labour as large productions units. The nature of the industry also plays a great role in determining the extent of division of labour. Manufacturing factories will need more division in their labour than agricultural industry, where activities cannot easily be divided. From the look of things, division of labour is not driven by wisdom, but trade. Every individual who lacks something proposes to his or her neighbour to exchange what they have for what they need. Division of labour arises out treaty, barter that people acquire what they lack. Adam Smith explains with the case of a tribe of hunters or shepherds. In his example, the individual who makes bows and arrows regularly trade them for cattle or for venison with his compatriots. His productivity can increase by focusing more on his production of bows and arrows for which he exchanges for more cattle and venison.

The Legal and Ethical Impacts That Managed Care Practices Have on Research Paper - 1

The Legal and Ethical Impacts That Managed Care Practices Have on Quality and Access to Patient Care in USA - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that managed care practices have caused legal and ethical effects that have made the quality of care and access to patient care a problem. Managed care institutions have to work within the limits of the available resources. Because the cost of healthcare is high, healthcare practitioners give limited health care to patients. Only the very sick and those who have a great need for care are given priority. Physicians are trapped by monetary incentives that make them compromise decision making between patients’ needs and their own remuneration. There are poor guidelines that make needy patients lack access to procedures or appropriate medication for their specific medical needs. The cost of healthcare has become the motivation of the managed care practices as Kongtvedt points out. The problem with the managed care practices is the cost consciousness that is emphasized. The high cost of healthcare has led managed care practices to reduce the number of referra ls to a specialist. Less costly medication is prescribed to cut on cost. The physicians are restricted on the number of tests and procedures they can request. Cost consciousness could lead to misdiagnosis for lack of tests or inappropriate medication because of giving available less costly treatment. Cost consciousness causes the quality and access to quality care to be reduced. The growth of managed care in the United States has caused various ethical concerns. The concerns emerge from the practices and policies that cause certain deficiencies. Many people lack insurance, others are partly insured while a small fraction of citizens has comprehensive insurance cover. The cost of health is constantly increasing and very few can be able to purchase a comprehensive insurance cover.

Impact of obesity on womens health during pregnancy

Impact of obesity on womens health during pregnancy Obesity is a clinical term used to describe excess body fat. The most common method of measuring obesity is the Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI is used because, for most people, it correlates with their amount of body fat. It is calculated by dividing a persons weight measurement (in kilograms) by the square of their height (in metres). a BMI of 30 or above means that person is considered to be obese (DoH, 2010). Rising rates Obesity is an increasing phenomenon worldwide. In 2008, the Health Survey for England (HSE) data showed that 61.4% of adults (aged 16 or above) in England were overweight and of these 24.5% were obese. They found this was an increase since 1993. In pregnancy- In pregnancy the incidence is around 18-19% in the United Kingdom (Kanagalingam et al, 2005). Between 2004 and 2007, 15% of all UK maternal deaths occurred in women with a BMI of more than 35, half of which had a BMI of over 40. Fifty-two per cent of deaths occurred in women with a BMI of over 25, which is classed as over-weight (Lewis, 2007) Dangers and complications- Obesity is a common risk factor in many conditions, especially metabolic (e.g. type 2 diabetes), circulatory (e.g. cardiovascular disease) and degenerative (e.g. osteoarthritis). For women, the risk of gynaecological complications, like endometrial cancer, infertility, menstrual disturbances and ovulation disorders, increase if the woman is obese. There are many significant risk factors during pregnancy that are affected by obesity. These include early miscarriage, gestational diabetes and pregnancy hypertension/pre-eclampsia (Andreasen et al, 2004/Duckitt et all, 2005/Erez-Weiss et al, 2005/Shaw et al, 2000), venous thromo-embolism and anaesthetic problems, e.g. tracheal intubation or epidural/spinal insertion (Irvine et al, 2006). If maternal complications develop the fetus/neonate is also at risk of neural tube defects (Shaw et al, 2000), late still birth (Irvine et al, 2006) and neonatal death (Kristensen et al, 2005), fetal macrosomia (Yogev et al, 2005), fetal trauma and neonatal unit admissions (Irvine et al, 2006). Obesity also causes issues pertaining to the value and reliability of certain aspects of care during the antenatal period. These include difficulties in performing amniocentesis (Irvine et al, 2006), difficulties in achieving venous access, difficulties in performing abdominal palpation (Farrell et al, 2002) and difficulties obtaining ultrasound data for fetal anomalies and growth (Martinez-Frais et al, 2005). There are significant risk factors due to obesity during the intrapartum period. These comprise increased rates of prolonged labour (Vahratian et al, 2004), risks associated with macrosomia e.g. shoulder dystocia (Irvine et al, 2006/Andreasen et al, 2004), increased rates of operative birth (Irvine et al, 2006/Fraser, 2006), especially for primigravida (Dempsey et al, 2005), difficulties in undertaking instrumental and operative procedures (Irvine et al, 2006/Andreasen et al, 2004) and difficulty siting an epidural or spinal for labour or caesarean section (Irvine et al, 2006). Postpartum related obesity issues consist of longer post-operative recovery times and increased rates of post-operative complications, e.g. infections of wounds and urinary tract (Irvine et al, 2006). Women who are obese during pregnancy exhibit a tendency to retain fat centrally on their abdomens postnatally, which may results in increased morbidity and mortality later in life (Soltani et al, 2002). Contraception choices will also be influenced by the presence of complications. Whilst out on my community placement, I was involved in the care of a woman who had a BMI of 52. We were caring for her postnatally after an elective caesarean section. Most likely due to her weight, the surgeon chose to use metal skin clips on her wound, rather than a suture (Irvine et al, 2006). On day five postnatally we were due to remove alternate staples. However, we could see the wound was still gapping and not fused closed so we left them for one more day. On day six we returned and removed the alternate clips with no problem. Irvine et al (2006) recommend an interrupted suture or skin clips on the basis that if a small haematoma or a localised area of infection develops, a few clips/sutures can be removed to aid resolution. When we revisited the woman on day eight, we found the wound to be very red, oozing puss and giving off a very offensive smell. The woman simply could not get any air to the wound, due to the over-hang of her stomach on to the wound. Even whilst lying down, the stomach still covered the area if it was not held up and supported. I feel this was an important factor to her getting a wound infection. Due to the over hanging of the pannus, women are significantly at increased risk of wound infection even if given postoperative prophylactic antibiotics (Irvine et al, 2006). Discuss differing health promotion strategies according to context of the case study Obesity levels in England have currently reached epidemic levels and Suffolk is consistent with this. Suffolk is below the average obesity level, but this varies across the county (Transforming Suffolk, 2008). A new project has been launched, called Healthy Ambition Suffolk to make Suffolk the healthiest county in the UK by 2028. Part of this includes tackling obesity. Governments 5 a day scheme In January 2009, the Government began a campaign in response to the rising rates of obesity. Change4Life is Englands first ever national social marketing campaign to promote healthy weight and supports the overall Healthy Weight, Healthy Lives strategy. One of Change4Lifes recommendations is to eat 5 A DAY as part of a healthy balanced diet (DoH, 2010). Eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables everyday seems valuable, however it is hard to see exactly how this will help with the fight against obesity, unless it is thought that consuming more fruits and vegetables will transfer calories from other sources. Healthy start vouchers The Government has also introduced another health promotion strategy called Healthy Start. This consists of vouchers with a monetary value which can be used against fresh fruit and vegetables, fresh milk and also infant formula. Not every woman will be able to claim these, they are income assessed and women need to fit certain criteria (DoH, 2006). Dietian/nutritionalist referrals In accordance with the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2010), pregnant women with a body mass index of more than 30 will be under consultant led care and receive any additional care they require. Midwives should refer women to a dietician for assessment and advice on healthy eating and exercise. However, they should not recommend weight-loss during pregnancy (NICE, 2008). In 2003, a report on obesity by the House of Commons demanded six other government departments joined forces. These departments were: Department of health: Main responsibility as obesity is a public health issue. Department of culture, media and sport: For promoting sports and physical activity. Department for education and skills: To ensure that children get adequate physical education at schools and have access to food at schools. Department for transport: For making healthy transport policies to encourage cycling and walking. Department of environment, food and rural affairs: For farming and produce of healthy food. Department of trade and industry: For food manufacturing and retail industry Analyse concepts of poverty, disadvantage and inequality and the impact on childbearing women, babies and their families. There is evidence that maternal obesity is related to health inequalities, particularly socioeconomic deprivation, inequalities within ethnic groups and poor access to maternity services (Heslehurst et al 2007). Healthy food is often more expensive and gyms facilities and fitness classes are not readily available for low income families. Analyse and reflect upon the role of the midwife and other professionals in their contribution to the public health agenda The Faculty of Public Health define public health as the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organised efforts of society (Acheson, 1988). Public health is about promoting physical, mental or emotional well-being by inspiring, educating and empowering the public to stay healthy (CSP, 2010). Midwives play a very important role in achieving this. When initially booking women for their pregnancy care, if there are any health concerns the midwife should advise and refer to other health professionals if necessary. The role of the midwife has evolved in recent years with more emphasis on a public health role (DoH, 1993). It is reasonable to expect that midwives should have a working knowledge of the effects obesity, as well as other common public health issues, including teenage pregnancy, drug and alcohol abuse and smoking. They should have an understanding of the common risks associated with obesity and what they should be able to offer by way of support (English National Board, 2001). The Saving Mothers Lives report (2003-2005) carried out by the Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH) recommends that obese women should receive help to lose weight prior to conception. However, this is not always possible. I believe the Government are currently taking the correct steps to combat obesity. Whilst working on community and undertaking booking appointments, I have not actually seen women being referred for high BMIs. This is due to my Trust not taking a womans height and weight at the booking appointment so their BMI is unknown. These details are recorded when the women go for their 12 week dating scan. Therefore, referrals for high BMIs are carried out from the antenatal clinic. As midwives, we are used to managing women with complex needs in partnership with other agencies. I believe it is working within the multi-disciplinary team which gives the best care to women. The Royal College of Midwives (RCM) surveyed midwives and new mothers, which were published during Midwifery Week 2008. They showed that due to the shortage of midwives women are being short-changed on essential public health services and advice and are not getting the level and quality of service needed in areas such as obesity, smoking cessation, breast feeding and alcohol intake. The level of help that obese pregnant women are receiving is a cause for concern. Only 8% of women were offered help and advice, while the amount of women who said they would have liked to have had the service was 30%. The midwives surveys supported these findings, with only a fifth (22.5%) stating that they are able to offer or run obesity clinics, and 71% saying their Trust do not run them (RCM, 2008).

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Well, this is it. Our last night. The last page of the scrapbook we call high school. Our scrapbooks are filled with memories from the first day we walked into these halls ... to this very night. Pictures crammed in, ticket stubs nestled between them, adorned by dried corsages and newspaper clippings, yellowed with every fond recollection. The smiling pictures are the friends we?ve made in high school. Friends are what make life special. Every person we encounter has a definite effect on our lives. If one face in our scrapbook were missing, a part of our lives would disappear also. Remember the football game where you finally got the fight song right? That?s your ticket stub. Maybe it was the musical that you rehearsed months for. Or cheering at the state basketball tournament. Or ... Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address Well, this is it. Our last night. The last page of the scrapbook we call high school. Our scrapbooks are filled with memories from the first day we walked into these halls ... to this very night. Pictures crammed in, ticket stubs nestled between them, adorned by dried corsages and newspaper clippings, yellowed with every fond recollection. The smiling pictures are the friends we?ve made in high school. Friends are what make life special. Every person we encounter has a definite effect on our lives. If one face in our scrapbook were missing, a part of our lives would disappear also. Remember the football game where you finally got the fight song right? That?s your ticket stub. Maybe it was the musical that you rehearsed months for. Or cheering at the state basketball tournament. Or ...

Corporate Social Responsibility as Business Strategy Essay

There is a visible attention being paid towards social and environmental consequences of business and yet performance in this front is far from satisfactory. Common trait seen across companies is that social concern and business are seen as two independent responsibilities and often at loggerhead. As a consequence, companies lose focus of how social responsibility could have been integrated with the long term business outcomes. Businesses across the world are so obsessed with the immediacy of results that they cannot sight the vast opportunity that discharging of social responsibility holds for the long term sustainability of the organizations. As a result, based on the maturity of strategic thinking in the company, CSR is being implemented in one or more of the following ways as shown here: CSR as Reactive strategy CSR has in general been a reactive strategy for reviving drooping fortunes of the company by gaining the confidence of the communities in which they operate. The case of Shell in Nigeria and that of Nike in Asian countries are just two examples to quote. With such instances on the rise companies have started adopting a â€Å"proactive approach† analyzing the cost of not discharging the social responsibility and as a result do the bare minimum to pull on and thus minimizing their spending on this account. CSR is viewed by these companies as a cost and compulsion. This approach only obscures a business from identifying the real potential CSR holds with respect to their core business. Any complacence by such companies may result in the kind of corporate scandals that we are comming across today. Corporate misdeeds are indeed costly, if caught. CSR as Image building exercise Efforts of companies to recover from the effects of not discharging social responsibility can broadly be classified as damage control exercise as far as their image is concerned. Here the businesses have their back against the wall. However, CSR today is seen by companies as an opportunity for building corporate image. Keen on drawing attention of media and general public, companies announce their plans for various kinds of philatropic activities. There is nothing wrong with this kind of approach, except for the fact that such initiatives are not emphasized in the maze of important and urgent business calls. If a company can develop a systematic and delibrate approach for maintaining the focus on social welfare activities, this will not only enhance its image in the immediate future but consistency on this front will help the company in building a positive reputaion of societal concern. Such image will definitely help the company in its future business forays in the region. On the other hand, the image building campaign includes CSR reporting where a series of disjointed anecdotes of companies’ contribution to society are highlighted, which are in no way related to implementation of the business strategy of the company. This underlines the fact that potential of CSR as a tool for image building is more easily comprehended by corporate offices rather than as a means of creating a sustainable business. CSR for improved operating efficiency There are other set of companies that take care of environment because not only does it help in operating with in the environmental norms set by statutory authorities but also reducing their costs by improving operating efficiency. Operating barely with in the norms set by statutory authorities is being in the compliance mode. As companies deliberately plan and move beyond the compliance mode, find the case for integration of CSR and business goals, where improved productivity or operational efficiency in current time frame also results in better environmental conditions that fosters better living conditions for future generations. This in fact is a business necessity today for improved profitability for industry and cleverly used by companies for projecting a business case for CSR and showcasing the integration of CSR and business outcomes. CSR as Source of competitive advantage Business must have clear understanding of the communities that they impact and must give a serious thought to the question – How the strategy helps these communities grow qualitatively along with the business in the short and long term? The answer to this question may not be obviously forthcoming but an open debate among the executives and strategic managers may open up options, that may help improve the quality of life indicators for the communities around in a way that enhances business opportunity for tomorrow if not the current profitability. The challenge for industry today is to identify social issues that drive its competitiveness both now and in the future. For this to happen managers must first believe that social concern or CSR as it is popularly known is a source of business opportunity and competitive advantage. This integration then would pave way for all round sustainability and growth. Sooner than most of the experts suspect, the issues relating to climate change and social responsibility in the area of operations will be decisive factors for survival of businesses. CSR has the potential to change the way business is conducted the world over.

Darwinius - Facts and Figures

Name: Darwinius (after naturalist Charles Darwin); pronounced dar-WIN-ee-us Habitat: Woodlands of western Europe Historical Epoch: Middle Eocene (47 million years ago) Size and Weight: About two feet long and 5 pounds Diet: Probably omnivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; primate-like anatomy About Darwinius To many paleontologists, Darwinius is a case study in how scientific discoveries should not be communicated to the general public. Although the well-preserved fossil of this prehistoric primate was unearthed way back in 1983, it wasnt until recently that an enterprising team of researchers got around to examining it in detail. Rather than share their findings with other paleontologists, the team started a bidding war for book and TV coverage, so that Darwinius was announced all at once to the world in 2009--most notably in an extensively hyped documentary on the History Channel. The premise of all the publicity: Darwinius lay at the root of human evolution, and was thus our oldest direct ancestor. As you might expect, there was an immediate backlash from the scientific community. Some experts maintained that Darwinius wasnt all it was cracked up to be, especially since it was closely related to another well-known early primate, Notharctus. Most at issue was the TV documentarys breathless use of the phrase missing link, implying that Darwinius somehow led directly to modern humans (to most of the lay public, the phrase missing link in the context of human evolution implies a simian ancestor that lived at most a couple of million years ago, not nearly 50!) Where do matters stand now? Well, the scientific community is still examining the fossil evidence--as should have happened before the announcement of Darwinius, not after.